The System and Control Theory in the

Vipassana Meditation of the Noble Eightfold Path

as taught by Buddha

-understanding meditation with

the Taichi Yin-Yang system in modern terminologies

E C Yan HUANG 黃炎（筆名）

Ancient Balance Medicine Education Ctr,

_____________Causeway Bay, HK,_____________

Hong Kong. www.EC-Balance.org/blog ;

Prof. Jotin KHISTY

Illinois Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering,

3201 S. Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL 60616. khisty@iit.edu

Timothy A GOLDEN

Ancient Balance Medicine Research Institute

ABSTRACT

The theory in the Vipassana Noble Eightfold meditation technique of Buddha is believed

to be the Theory of Everything. However, Chinese believed that the Taichi Yin-Yang

theory is the Theory of the Universe. Albert Einstein and Richard Feynman believed in

the unity of all the equations and theories of physics to explain the nature. Could they be

the different truth of the universe? Or they are all the truth of the universe but only

illustrated in different terminologies? It is believed that the latter one is the case. The

links between these theories are illustrated in this paper using modern system and control

theories.

The evolution of science gave birth to our modern materialistic world. Does this

materialism contradict with our spirituality? It is believed that both of them follow the

Theory of Everything. All the contradictions arise only because of human beings, who

tried to control and manipulate the universe to suit their frame of reference involving

cravings, aversions and ignorance. The practice of Vipassana meditation allows us to

realize the union of materialism and spirituality, because Vipassana helps us to acquire

the ultimate wisdom, to be the master of our own mind, and to be able to make decisions

base not on emotions but on compassion.

Buddha explained the theory of our universe but said that the ultimate truth cannot be

The System Theory in the Vipassana Meditation of Buddha

explained in the words and concepts that we use to communicate. Our common senses are

based on pattern differentiation. Our communications are based on languages. And the

fundamental of all languages are mathematical logic, set theory, and Taichi Yin-Yang

system theory, which all are again based on differentiation. Buddha said that the ultimate

truth is without differentiation, which is beyond our common senses and our

communication abilities. However, Buddha taught a method for everyone of us to

experience the ultimate truth ourselves. The beauty of this method is that it is simple,

practical and realistic, involving no sectarianism, no imagination and no super-natural

power. The method is similar to a virus cleaning program that will eliminates all the

impurities within our mind, allowing us to experience the ultimate truth. Even though the

ultimate truth cannot be explained in words, the Vipassana method itself is within our

basic concepts and hence can be explained in terms of system and control theories.

The Taichi, boundary, of this system is the "purification of my mind". According to the

Taichi Yin-Yang theory, the Yin-Yang combo will be formed in different parts of the

system namely the internal part, and the superficial part which acts as the interface

between the internal and the external of the system. Research reveals that the internal Yin

component of Vipassana method is equanimity, the balance of the mind, and the Yang

component is our awareness. The superficial Yin component is wisdom and the Yang

component is compassion. Our goal of regulation is to keep both parts of this system

working within the balanced range of the Cold-Hot and Deficiency-Excess spectrum.

The preparation stage of Vipassana meditation is Anapana meditation, the concentration

of the mind through the observation of the breath. Research shows that the technique

requires the observer to fix the frame of reference on the entrance of the nose. Then

observe the flow of air during breathing in and breathing out. However, only the polarity

of the first derivative of the flow of air at this moment is observed. That is, whether the

breath is coming in or going out at this moment. The value of the derivative, the second

and higher derivatives, the memory of the past moments, or the prediction of the coming

moments should all be ignored.

This paper will demonstrate our research of the Vipassana meditation technique as taught

by S.N. Goenka globally nowadays, in terms of the Taichi Yin-Yang system theory

which is now structured in terms of modern system and control theories with our

research.

Keywords: Control Theory, Differentiation & Integration, System Theory, Spirituality

and systems, The Taichi Yin-Yang system, The Four Noble Truths, Vipassana Noble

Eightfold Path of Buddha, Dhamma, The Theory of Everything, Vipassana Meditation As

Taught By S.N. Goenka,Systems that make a difference.

The System Theory in the Vipassana Meditation of Buddha

ANCIENT AND MODERN THEORY OF EVERYTHING

The pursuit of the Theory of Everything, or the general system theory, exists in different

cultures around the world ever since the ancient times as shown in Table1.

Table 1. The theory of everything around the world

Taichi Yin-Yang theory

Relativity,

Traditional Chinese

Quantum Machenics,

Medicine,

Albert Einstein

Toaism, Confucianism

Richard Feynman

CHINESE

Physics

Mathematics,

Set theory,

System Theory

Vipassana

Noble Eightfold Path

Budda, INDIA

 Buddha: ultimate wisdom cannot be explained but can only be experienced

 Toaism: The theory that can be explained in words is not the true and everlasting

theory (Laozi 590BC).

 Physics: understanding how the universe behaves in terms of theories expressed

mathematically

 System theory: the general theory for all field of science

What kind of wisdom cannot be explained? Let us investigate with mathematics, the

basic of modern scientific language as in Figure 1. And the basic of mathematics is

commonly known as set theory

The System Theory in the Vipassana Meditation of Buddha

Figure 1. Comparison of Ancient theories and Set theory in mathematics

This is the starting point of what can be explained and what cannot. What is it before

differentiating A from U, 0, A, A' ? Buddha said the act of differentiation is the start of

this universe, the state before the differentiation cannot be explained, however, it can be

experienced with human body.

Our common senses including thoughts are based on pattern differentiation. Our

communications are based on languages. And the fundamental of all languages are

mathematical logic, set theory, and Taichi Yin-Yang system theory, which all are again

based on differentiation. It seem that the state before differentiation is beyond our

common tools.

The System Theory in the Vipassana Meditation of Buddha

The Taichi Yin-Yang system

Taichi Yin-Yang system theory starts from differentiation. Taichi is A, our system, our

desire, or something we want. Yin and Yang are the fundamental components arise

according to the Taichi we differentiated. (Wong2005)(Wong2007)

Balance between Yin and Yang is what we want to achieve because the system A will

then behave exactly as we would like it to be. The more the imbalances between Yin and

Yang will make the system A behaves less like what we would like it to be. A simplified

table format of the Taichi Yin-Yang system structure in (Wong 2005) is shown in Table2.

Table 2. The Taichi Yin-Yang simple structure:

Yin

Tai Chi: Differentiation

Yang

Component supports:

System definition:

Component operates:

Behavior

Good

Behavior

Evil

Behavior

Each of the four components (quadrant) can be further divided into Yin-Yang combo

(Native-Mercenary, Recoverable-Toxin),as shown in Table3.

Table 3. The Taichi Yin-Yang Native and Foreign components:

Yin

Tai Chi: Differentiation

Yang

Component supports:

System definition:

Component operates:

Replacement:

mercenary Yin that is both

mercenary Yang that is both

capable to support and

capable to operate and

currently supporting the

currently operating the

Good Yang

Good Yin

Native:

Good

Native:

Native Yin that is both

Native Yang that is both

capable to support and

capable to operate and

The System Theory in the Vipassana Meditation of Buddha

currently supporting the

currently operating the

Good Yang

Good Yin

Recoverable:

Evil

Recoverable:

The Yin that is currently idle

The Yang that is currently

not in operation

Toxin:

The Yin that is incable to

The Yang that is

support the Good Yang

operating outside the scope

of the Taichi and

incompatable with the

Good Ying

The changes in the magnitude of four basic quadrants represents different states of the

Taichi Yin-Yang system. The input and internal feedback loop affect the state of the

system while the output behaviour reflect the state of the system as shown in Figure2.

Figure 2. The input, output and feedback of a Taichi Yin-Yang system

The magnitude of the four quadrants can be measured with another Yin-Yang combo

(Deficient-Sufficient, Minor-Excess) as shown in Table4. (Wong 2005)

Table 4. The Good & Evil Yin-Yang chart:

Yin

Tai Chi: Differentiation

Yang

Component supports:

System definition:

Component operates:

Sufficient

Good

Sufficient

Quantity x Quality

The System Theory in the Vipassana Meditation of Buddha

Deficient

Minor

Evil

Minor

Excess

The changes in the magnitude of four basic quadrant forms the spectrum of states named

the Cold-Hot Deficient-Excess spectrum in (Wong 2005) and (Wong 2007) is expressed

graphically in Figure3 and expressed in a table format in Table 5.

Figure 3. The cold-hot deficiency-excess spectrum is the all the possibilities of the

changes of a system, A.

Table 5. The Cold-Hot Deficient-Excess Spectrum

Tai Chi: Differentiation

system definition:

COLD

Good

HOT

Balanced

Yin - Yang

supports - operates

component identification

Yang Deficient

Either side in Deficient

Yin Deficient

weaker COLD

weaker HOT

The System Theory in the Vipassana Meditation of Buddha

Yin Yang Deficient

weakest COLD

weakest HOT

Minor Evil Yin

Minor Evil

Minor Evil Yang

Excess Evil Yin

Excess Evil

Excess Evil Yang

The Taichi Yin-Yang system theory is illustrated in (Wong 2007) with comparison with

mathematics and modern system theory, and it will be employed for the following

analysis of the paper.

WHAT IS HAPPINESS

Why do we need the ultimate wisdom? Why do we need to practice Vipassana? Buddha

said in (Buddha 500BCa)(Buddha 500BCb) that wisdom will bring us real happiness,

peacefulness and harmony. So first of all, let us investigate what happiness is.

When will we fell happy? Everyone has different answers but all have the same rule:

when the desires are satisfied. In economics terms, this is when the supply meet the

demand, Yin-Yang balanced. Let us investigate what are the spectrum of possibilities by

employing the Taichi Yin-Yang system theory. Table 5 shown the compositions in each

of the quadrants in this happiness system (Taichi).

Table 6. The Taichi Yin-Yang simple state spectrum structure in table format:

Yin

Tai Chi:

Yang

Component supports:

Component operates:

Differentiation

Objects in the environment

Desires

System definition:

(Materialism)

(Spirituality)

Happiness is to feel that

our desires are satisfied

The Yin that is both

Good

Yang that is both

capable to support and

capable to operate and

currently supporting the

currently operating the

Good Yang

Good Yin

Our likes:

Our desires that is currently

beautiful materials

being satisfied through

The System Theory in the Vipassana Meditation of Buddha

food and wine

pleasant sensation triggered

people

by our senses:

treasure

Sight, Hearing, taste,smell,

reputation

touch, memory in our mind

good memories

Recoverable:

Evil

Recoverable:

The Yin that is currently idle

The Yang that is currently

materials we process that we may

not in operation

desire in the future

Desires that are currently

not satisfied by materials

not to get what one desires

disassociation with

something that one does like

Toxin:

The Yin that is in-cable to support

The Yang that is

the Good Yang

operating outside the scope

of the Taichi and

Associated with our dislikes:

incompatable with the

ugly rubbish

Good Yin

bad taste foods

people

Our desires that can never

loans

be satisfied:

humiliation

always get what we want

born in rich family

born in a loving family

never get sick

never get old

liberate without practice

never get sorrow

never get lamentation

never get pain

grief

distress

never die

immortal

The System Theory in the Vipassana Meditation of Buddha

Figure 4. The Cold-Hot Deficient-Excess Spectrum on Desires and Supply

It can be seen from Figure 4 that one will be happy only in the Balanced state 1. Even if

one accepts the Cold and Hot states 2 and 3 to be “acceptable” happiness, the

possibility of unhappiness (imbalance states) are much higher! This is summarized in

Table 7.

Table 7: When will we be happy?

Happy

Unhappy

1. getting what we desire (the

1.association with something that one does not like

Balanced state)求得所慾

(Evil Yin) 怨憎會苦

20% of the time on average?

2. disassociation with something that one does like

(transition from Balanced state to all the other

states)愛別離苦

The System Theory in the Vipassana Meditation of Buddha

3. not to get what one desires (all the Hot states)

求不得苦

4. desire the impossibles 生老病死苦苦

Therefore the truth is that we suffer almost 80% of the time! We have been deceived for

all our lives!

The fundamental teaching of Buddha is the Four noble Truth as discussed in (Buddha

500BCa)(Buddha 500BCb)(Goenka 1987a)(Goenka 1987b). And the above illustration is

the first part of the Four noble Truths: the fact of suffering as shown in Table 8.

Table 8: The Four noble Truths

The Four noble Truths

Contents

1.the fact of suffering

Suffering is unavoidable

2. the origin of suffering (craving)

Desire is the cause

3. the cessation of suffering

Stop all unwholesome acts, perform only

wholesome acts.

4. the path leading to the cessation of

The Noble Eightfold path

suffering

HOW TO MAINTAIN HAPPINESS

The spirit of system and control theory is about “system that make a difference” in

human life. In terms of the happiness Taichi system, the aim of control is to balance the

Supply (Yin) and the Desire (Yang) in all the possible states. However, maintaining

happiness means that we need to be satisfied continuously. That is, we require new

desires continuously and that they are satisfied continuously. As shown in the previous

section, there is a 20% chance that one desire will be satisfied. Therefore the probability

of continuous satisfaction is 0.2 to the power of N.

Nevertheless, system scientists always search for improvements. The rule of regulation in

Taichi Yin-Yang system theory is to manipulate either the Yin or the Yang as illustrated

in (Wong 2005)(Wong 2007). It should be noted that control or regulation is an act, and

The System Theory in the Vipassana Meditation of Buddha

hence create another Taichi Yin-Yang system, which will be further analysed in (Wong

TBP c). Therefore it should be very careful on what system will be created when

maintaining happiness.

Solution 1: create a system that will manipulate the supply to meet the desires

That is, to express the desires freely and manipulate the supply to meet the desires. This

is what we have been doing especially in the last century with economics. However, the

first question in economics is How to satisfy the desires with scared resources. The

desires give rise to materialism and money(resources), which result in the struggle of

power with war between countries, government and politicians. Many indexes arise like

Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross National Product (GNP), Gross National Income

(GNI) etc but none seem to fulfil our goal of maintaining happiness. Some country even

have the Gross National Happiness (GNH) index to monitor the goal. The fact is that all

the people and events happening around cannot be 100% controlled and hence it is too

hard to manipulate the supply to meet the desire.

solution 2: create a system that will regulate the demand to meet our supply

In the previous century, the resources human found are too little to meet the simple basic

desires of human. Therefore regulations are setup by governments, laws, religions, and

communism to control the desires, in order to prevent chaos in society. However the fact

is that our mind cannot be 100% controlled by others. How can we regulate the demand

by ourself?

create a system call “morality”

That is to keep telling ourselves "not to" in order to suppress our desires. Buddha said

that complete freedom will only bring suffering, however morality is only the first three

steps in the Eightfold noble Path (the last part of the Four noble Truths) (Buddha

500BCb)(Goenka 1987a)(Goenka 1987b). The classic example of why morality alone

cannot solve the problem is: try “not to” think of a monkey eating an banana in the

next minute while closing your eye. And the result is that one will either fall asleep, keep

thinking of the monkey eating the banana, or thinking of something else.

create a system call "concentration"

The System Theory in the Vipassana Meditation of Buddha

The fact is that our minds grasp on thoughts every moment. After morality, concentration

is required to continuously fix our mind on one thought. This can be done by

concentrating on one object, usually status of gods or words of gods in different religion

(pray, visualisation, and meditation). Concentrating on something we love, say our

favorite food, is much easier but that may create more desires. In many traditions people

concentrate on their favorite objects for long time until their desire for the objects is

totally lost. But one may have infinite number of favorite objects. Even if we succeeds,

the “concentration system” itself will become our biggest desire and we will be very

unhappy if we found ourselves cannot concentrate! How do we get rid of this final system

that could make us unhappy?

According to (Buddha 500BCa)(Buddha 500BCb)(Goenka 1987a)(Goenka 1987b), one

should concentrate on body sensations because that is the important breakable point in the

vicious cycle. The body sensation would directly cause our action to create new desires

and hence new systems.

In the next section we will investigate what is concentration, what to concentrate, and

who is concentrating. And in (Wong TBPb) we will investigate how long concentration

could last and why one need to go for the next step in the last part of the EightFold noble

path: Wisdom.

Attain Wisdom and create a system that will eliminate all the desires and

then eliminate itself in the end

In the known history of mankind, only Buddha discover this method and able to teach

others. Buddha said that he did not invent this method but only re-discover it again. It

was the practice method of all the enlightened ones in the past, at the present moment, or

in the future. Buddha called it Vipassana, the last part of the Noble Eightfold Path.

The key is Acceptance: accept everything we observe as it is. With the help of

concentration on body sensations, we can break the vicious cycle of new desires and new

disappointments and attain the final liberations from all the sufferings and maintain real

happiness. (Buddha 500BCb)(Goenka 1987a)(Goenka 1987b)

Note that when all the possibile imbalanced states are balanced by adjusting our demand

(accepting whether we observe), the Cold-Hot Deficient-Excess spectrum disappears, the

happiness system will always be balance and will always be happy.

It has been said that to maintain happy is easy by: “Do not be too happy, do not be too

said, be satisfied with simple things.” This is just increasing the acceptable range of the

state spectrum. The is close to the path of Vipassana but the actual practice will bring

much greater happiness because it help us to accept the whole spectrum happily.

Furthermore, only with practice would we discover all the hidden desires, craving,

aversion and ignorance hidden deep inside our subconscious.

The System Theory in the Vipassana Meditation of Buddha

CONCENTRATION - THE UTILIZATION OF OUR MIND

In this section we will investigate what is concentration, what to concentrate, and who is

concentrating. Table 9 shows the structure of concentration. Concentration on the

conscious level is not enough. The proper concentrating technique should also investigate

the subconscious part of our mind.

Table 9: The Taichi Yin-Yang simple structure of concentration:

Yin

Tai Chi: Differentiation

Yang

Component supports:

System definition:

Component operates:

Subconscious

Concentration

Conscious

rest are all subconscious

Good:

3-5% of our mind are being

be able to concentrate on oneused consciously and be able

.how to access?

object or matter at any

to concentrate

.how to concentrate?

instance

.what is inside there?

try hard to concentrate

.what kinds of memories?

.what kinds of functions?

.don't know why feel

concentrated

don't know why feel

Evil:

do not try to concentrate and

distrated

being distracted by other

become distracted

objects or matters

Spirituality

In order to understand what to concentrate, we should investigate spirituality with the

Taichi Yin-Yang system theory as shown in Table 10.

Table 10. The Taichi Yin-Yang simple structure on spirituality:

Yin

Tai Chi: Differentiation

Yang

Component supports:

System definition:

Component operates:

The System Theory in the Vipassana Meditation of Buddha

Spirit

Body

Spirit?

Good

Behavior:

Soul? Ghost? Our control?

good person

Need special device to

but to what frame of

Thoughts

detect?

reference?

Speech

Spirituality?

ourself?

Body actions

characteristics of our sprit.

family?

The content of our mind:

society?

(manipulation of

Subconscious & Conscious

country?

energy and matter)

which can be analyzed with

world?

system theory.

Earth?

universe?

Behavior

Evil

Behavior

In the rest of the analysis, the content of our mind is considered as our spirituality. That

is, the methods or programs in our mind. Next we investigate the content of our mind

with the Taichi Yin-Yang system theory as shown in Table11.

Table 11. The Taichi Yin-Yang simple structure of Mental Contents:

Yin

Tai Chi: Differentiation

Yang

Component supports:

System definition:

Component operates:

Why to Act

Mental Contents

How to Act

wisdom

Good

Dhamma:

the understanding of the

Proper methods

(1. morality:)

three characteristics of

that will purify our minds

right speech

and be liberated

right action

phenomena of this

right livelihood

universe: 1. anicca-

(2. concentration:)

impermanence

right effort

2. egolessness

right awareness

3. suffering

right concentration

(3. wisdom:)

right thought

right understanding

four qualities of a pure mind

The System Theory in the Vipassana Meditation of Buddha

metta-selfless love

compassion

sympathetic joy

equanimity

peace and harmony

ignorance

Evil

conditional love

physical sloth and mental

Improper methods

coldness

torpor

that will poison our mind

selfishness

agitation and worry

and keep suffering

agitation

doubt, uncertainty

craving

aversion

pleasent

unpleasent

thought: greed, lust,

sensations

gluttony, hatred, ill will,

preference

prejudice

animosity, wrath, pride, envy

ego, pride

humiliation

speech: deceive , curse,

gossip

action: kill, steal, rape, sloth

Note that the size of each of the components determine our individuality. The common

ability of our mind: who are us after all? What are our commonality.

Table 12. The Taichi Yin-Yang simple structure of all human:

Yin

Tai Chi:

Yang

Component supports:

System definition:

Component operates:

Awareness

Common ability of us

the power to Act

Conscious+Sub-conscious

Good

ability to create new Taichi:

Awareness through

liberation

Differentiation write

sensation triggered by our

programs based on proper

senses: Sight, Hearing,

mental contents (programs

taste,smell, touch, memory

already written)

in our mind

Awareness that is supported

by our Good Yin of proper

mental contents

The System Theory in the Vipassana Meditation of Buddha

Awareness that cannot be

Evil

write programs based on

supported with our Good

suffering

improper mental contents

Yin of proper mental

(programs already written)

contents

commonality and individuality

One interesting note is: Once our individuality is eliminated, only our commonality

remains? Can we preserve individuality? Only if we preserve our craving, aversion and

ignorance, which must lead to suffering.

(Buddhaghosa 1956) discussed 40 classic concentration method for human of different

states of mind to practice. The one we researched is Anapana, the observation of our

breath, the observation of the flow of air in and out of our body, which will be further

investigated in future papers. This particular method is chosen because it is taught

worldwide in a well organized course named Vipassana Meditation As Taught By S.N.

Goenka (Goenka 1987a)(Goenka 1987b)

MAKING A DIFFERENCE

Discussing about system and control theory is good but that is only theory. They need to

be practically apply to real life systems, with experiments. And the most important and

easy place to perform experiments are within our bodies and minds.

Therefore control ME and Regulate ME to achieve the goal of maintaining happiness. We

system scientist want to make a difference by convincing people to apply system theory

in real life situation. With this theory involving human system, we system scientist should

start practising ourselves to make a difference within ourselves, in order to show others

that system theory does work! System scientists research system theory, but should

become real life practitioners before showing to the end users. Act now and attend a

days Vipassana meditation courseas taught by S.N. Goenka as found in

www.dhamma.org

According to (Buddha 500BCa)(Buddha 500BCb)(Goenka 1987a)(Goenka 1987b), there

are three kinds of wisdom: (the learning process)

suta-maya panna-wisdom gained by listening to others

The System Theory in the Vipassana Meditation of Buddha

cinta-maya panna-intellectual, analytical understanding

bhavana-maya panna-wisdom based on direct personal experience

CONCLUSION

In the search for happiness, the first part of the Four Noble Truths, sufferings, has been

investigated with the Taichi Yin-Yang system theory and seem that sufferings are

unavoidable in our systems that are driven by desires.

In the pursuit of maintaining happiness, the last part of the Four Noble Truths, the Noble

Eightfold Path has been analysed and concentration is found to be a important step. It is

hence being investigated with Taichi Yin-Yang system theory and spirituality is defined

in terms of consciousness, subconsciousness, and the content of the mind. The

commonality and individuality of human are identified.

Future work is the investigation of the Anapana breathing technique and the wisdom part

of the Vipassana meditation technique as taught by S.N. Goenka.

Future work also include the investigation of a mathematical proof to show that the

system of acceptance in Vipassana is a system that can eliminate all the desire system and

eliminate itself in the end. That is, acceptance is the solution of differentiation.

Another important future work is the integration of Mathematics, Vipassana, Taichi Yin-

Yang System Theory, Modern System Theory , Physics, Chemistry , Biology, Economics

and other fields of modern sciences.

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Paper%20Methodology%20ancient%20modern.htm

Wong, T.S.L., Huang E C. (TBP a). THE QUEST FOR A GENERAL SYSTEM

THEORY FOR ANY PARTICULAR PERSPECTIVE - does it ever exist or has it

been there all the time? To be published.

Wong, T.S.L., Huang E C. (TBP b). The Liveable and Sustainable Spirituality System -

the Buddha's view and the systemic view on heaven, earth, hell, and liberation. To

be published.

Wong, T.S.L., Huang E C. (TBP c). Over-control vs regulation in Traditional Chinese

Medicine Differential Diagnosis-Cure process - the aim of control, the aim of life.

To be published.